Another case is from Texas, where a global sensitivity analysis is performed on a regional groundwater availability model. One case is from Arizona, where six plausible alternative conceptual models and a streamflow stochastic model are used to evaluate the impacts of different groundwater pumping scenarios. Two scientific use cases are presented in this paper using this service with significant computational speedup. Several technical issues were addressed, including the conjunctive use of desktop tools in MATLAB to avoid license issues in the cloud, integration of Dropbox with Azure for improved usability and ‘Drop-and-Compute,’ and automated file exchanges between desktop and the cloud. This paper presents a scientific modeling service called ‘ModflowOnAzure’ which enables large-scale ensemble runs of groundwater flow models to be easily executed in parallel in the Windows Azure cloud. A major computational requirement associated with this is on-demand computing for risk analysis to support timely decision. One of the major scientific challenges and societal concerns is to make informed decisions to ensure sustainable groundwater availability when facing deep uncertainties.
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